Beryllium And Oxygen Chemical Formula
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name Glucinium(II) monoxide | |
| Systematic IUPAC name Oxoberyllium | |
| Other names Beryllia, Thermalox, Bromellite, Thermalox 995.[1] | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |
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| 3D model (JSmol) |
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| Beilstein Reference | 3902801 |
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| ChemSpider |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.758 |
| EC Number |
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| MeSH | beryllium+oxide |
| PubChem CID |
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII |
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| UN number | 1566 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| InChI
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| SMILES
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| Backdrop | |
| Chemic formula | Be O |
| Tooth mass | 25.011 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colourless, vitreous crystals |
| Odor | Odourless |
| Density | 3.01 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 2,507 °C (4,545 °F; two,780 Grand) |
| Boiling point | 3,900 °C (7,050 °F; iv,170 K) |
| Solubility in h2o | 0.00002 g/100 mL |
| Solubility | soluble in acrid[2] |
| Band gap | x.vi eV |
| Thermal conductivity | 330 W/(K·m) |
| Refractive index (northward D) | ane.719 |
| Structure | |
| Crystal construction | Hexagonal |
| Space group | P6threemc |
| Point group | C6v |
| Coordination geometry | Tetragonal |
| Molecular shape | Linear |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Heat chapters (C) | 25.5 J/(K·mol) |
| Std molar | 13.73–xiii.81 J/(K·mol) |
| Std enthalpy of | −599 kJ/mol[3] |
| Gibbs energy (Δf G ⦵) | −582 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and wellness (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | Very toxic, carcinogen.[iv] |
| GHS labelling: | |
| Pictograms |    |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Adventure statements | H301, H315, H317, H319, H330, H335, H350, H372 |
| Precautionary statements | P201, P260, P280, P284, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338 |
| NFPA 704 (burn diamond) | 4 0 0 |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LDfifty (median dose) | xv mg/kg (mouse, oral)[half-dozen] |
| NIOSH (US wellness exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | TWA 0.002 mg/chiliad3 C 0.005 mg/m3 (30 minutes), with a maximum tiptop of 0.025 mg/miii (as Be)[5] |
| REL (Recommended) | Ca C 0.0005 mg/m3 (as Be)[v] |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Ca [4 mg/chiliadiii (equally Be)][5] |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Glucinium telluride |
| Other cations |
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| Supplementary information folio | |
| Beryllium oxide (data page) | |
| Except where otherwise noted, information are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references | |
Beryllium oxide (BeO), likewise known every bit beryllia, is an inorganic compound with the formula BeO. This colourless solid is a notable electrical insulator with a higher thermal electrical conductivity than whatever other not-metal except diamond, and exceeds that of most metals.[vii] As an amorphous solid, beryllium oxide is white. Its loftier melting bespeak leads to its use as a refractory fabric.[8] It occurs in nature as the mineral bromellite. Historically and in materials science, beryllium oxide was chosen glucina or glucinium oxide, owing to its sweetness taste.
Preparation and chemical properties [edit]
Beryllium oxide can be prepared by calcining (roasting) glucinium carbonate, dehydrating beryllium hydroxide, or igniting metallic beryllium:
- BeCOiii → BeO + COii
- Be(OH)2 → BeO + HiiO
- 2 Be + Oii → 2 BeO
Igniting beryllium in air gives a mixture of BeO and the nitride Be3N2.[seven] Dissimilar the oxides formed by the other Group 2 elements (element of group i globe metals), beryllium oxide is amphoteric rather than basic.
Glucinium oxide formed at loftier temperatures (>800 °C) is inert, but dissolves easily in hot aqueous ammonium bifluoride (NHfourHF2) or a solution of hot concentrated sulfuric acid (HtwoAnd so4) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4).
Structure [edit]
BeO crystallizes in the hexagonal wurtzite structure, featuring tetrahedral Be2+ and O2− centres, like lonsdaleite and w-BN (with both of which it is isoelectronic). In contrast, the oxides of the larger group-2 metals, i.e., MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, crystallize in the cubic stone salt motif with octahedral geometry about the dications and dianions.[7] At high temperature the construction transforms to a tetragonal form.[nine]
In the vapour stage, glucinium oxide is present as detached diatomic molecules. In the language of valence bond theory, these molecules can be described every bit adopting sp orbital hybridisation on both atoms, featuring one σ (betwixt one sp orbital on each atom) and one π bond (between aligned p orbitals on each atom oriented perpendicular to the molecular axis). Molecular orbital theory provides a slightly different picture with no net sigma bonding (because the iidue south orbitals of the two atoms combine to course a filled sigma bonding orbital and a filled sigma* anti-bonding orbital) and two pi bonds formed between both pairs of p orbitals oriented perpendicular to the molecular centrality. The sigma orbital formed past the p orbitals aligned along the molecular axis is unfilled. The respective ground state is ...(2sσ)2(2sσ*)2(2pπ)four (equally in the isoelectronic C2 molecule), where both bonds tin be considered every bit dative bonds from oxygen towards beryllium.[10]
Applications [edit]
High-quality crystals may be grown hydrothermally, or otherwise by the Verneuil method. For the well-nigh role, beryllium oxide is produced as a white amorphous powder, sintered into larger shapes. Impurities, similar carbon, tin can give a variety of colours to the otherwise colourless host crystals.
Sintered glucinium oxide is a very stable ceramic.[11] Beryllium oxide is used in rocket engines[12] and as a transparent protective over-coating on aluminised telescope mirrors.
Glucinium oxide is used in many loftier-performance semiconductor parts for applications such as radio equipment because it has skillful thermal electrical conductivity while likewise beingness a adept electrical insulator. Information technology is used as a filler in some thermal interface materials such every bit thermal grease.[13] Some power semiconductor devices have used beryllium oxide ceramic between the silicon fleck and the metal mounting base of the package to achieve a lower value of thermal resistance than a like construction of aluminium oxide. Information technology is also used as a structural ceramic for high-functioning microwave devices, vacuum tubes, magnetrons, and gas lasers. BeO has been proposed as a neutron moderator for naval marine high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (MGCR), every bit well as NASA'due south Kilopower nuclear reactor for infinite applications.[14]
Condom [edit]
BeO is carcinogenic in powdered form[fifteen] and may crusade a chronic allergic-type lung affliction berylliosis. Once fired into solid form, it is safe to handle if not subjected to machining that generates grit. Clean breakage releases little grit, merely burdensome or grinding actions can pose a chance.[xvi]
References [edit]
- ^ "beryllium oxide – Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 27 March 2005. Identification and Related records. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Printing. pp. four–41. ISBN978-1138561632.
- ^ Zumdahl, Steven Due south. (2009). Chemical Principles sixth Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN978-0-618-94690-seven.
- ^ Group 1B Carcinogens
- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0054". National Institute for Occupational Prophylactic and Wellness (NIOSH).
- ^ Beryllium oxide toxicity
- ^ a b c Greenwood, Norman Northward.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Raymond Aurelius Higgins (2006). Materials for Engineers and Technicians . Newnes. p. 301. ISBN0-7506-6850-4.
- ^ A. F. Wells (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (v ed.). Oxford Science Publications. ISBN0-19-855370-6.
- ^ Fundamentals of Spectroscopy. Allied Publishers. p. 234. ISBN978-81-7023-911-6 . Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ Günter Petzow, Fritz Aldinger, Sigurd Jönsson, Peter Welge, Vera van Kampen, Thomas Mensing, Thomas Brüning "Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds" in Ullmann'due south Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:x.1002/14356007.a04_011.pub2
- ^ Ropp, Richard C. (2012-12-31). Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Globe Compounds. Newnes. ISBN9780444595539.
- ^ Greg Becker; Chris Lee; Zuchen Lin (2005). "Thermal conductivity in advanced fries — Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages". Advanced Packaging: ii–iv. Archived from the original on June 21, 2000. Retrieved 2008-03-04 .
- ^ McClure, Patrick; Poston, David; Gibson, Marc; Bowman, Cheryl; Creasy, John (xiv May 2014). "KiloPower Infinite Reactor Concept – Reactor Materials Report". Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Retrieved Baronial 17, 2018.
- ^ "Glucinium Oxide Safety". American Beryllia . Retrieved 2018-03-29 .
External links [edit]
- Beryllium Oxide MSDS from American Beryllia
- IARC Monograph "Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds"
- International Chemical Safety Card 1325
- National Pollutant Inventory – Beryllium and compounds
- NIOSH Pocket guide to Chemic Hazards
Beryllium And Oxygen Chemical Formula,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxide#:~:text=Beryllium%20oxide%20(BeO)%2C%20also,compound%20with%20the%20formula%20BeO.
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